So, this article was really long and hard to
follow/summarize. It mostly talks about parenting styles/types. But this was
the gist of it—there are different kinds of psychological control that parents
can use on their kids. Psychological control has a lot of bad outcomes. Here
are some main points/parts that I took from the article.
-Nurturance (e.g. support, acceptance, responsiveness) is an
adequate and reasonable regulation of behavior, and an absence of intrusive
behaviors that manipulate to demean the child’s individuality.
-The element of control is an important factor in parenting
and child development. Optimal functioning is undergirded by a basic tension
between individual freedom (autonomy) and control (regulation, conformity).
There are two major forms of control exerted by
parents--Parental Psychological Control & Parental Behavioral Control.
“The two forms of
control [psychological and behavioral] appear to have opposite effects on the
adolescent…Adolescents appear to be adversely affected by psychological
control—the absence of “psychological autonomy”—but positively influenced by
behavioral control—the presence of “demandingness”
Developing children require:
- an adequate degree of psychological autonomy, that is, that they learn through their social interactions that are effective, competent individuals with a clear sense of person identity
- sufficient regulation of behavioral to enable them to learn the social interaction is governed by rules and structures that must be recognized and adhered to in order to be competent member of society
-Research has continued in depth
and there has been found to be a significant association between psychological
control and problematic child functioning.
-Psychological control is the
control of the personal domain, strategic manipulation and pressure,
conditional regard, coercion and disrespect
-According to research sighted in
this article, psychological control—particularly manipulative forms such as
love withdrawal, guilt induction, and conditional regard—is by definition
controlling because its purpose is to coerce the child into feeling pressured
to control or change him-or herself (i.e. his or her thoughts, feelings and
behaviors). This pressure to conform
prevents the volitional functioning of the child, a cardinal principle of
self-determined autonomous functioning.
-When these control attempts keep
happening over time, the child internalizes the pressure to change themselves
according to perceived parental demands and does so out of a desire to avoid
anxiety, guilt, and shame.
-Children experiencing such
control will learn not to value their independence worth but to consider
themselves acceptable individuals only to the degree that they do/become what
their parents demand.
-Parental conditional regard is effective in getting behaviors from kids in
certain areas but has a lot of negative emotional and relational impacts.
-both conditional regard and
psychological control predicted the mediator of shame after failure
-dependency-oriented psychological control : attempts
to make the child psychologically and emotionally dependant on the parent.
-achievement-oriented psychological control: demands
excessively high degrees of achievement by the children
Psychological Control as Coercion
-Coercive parenting has been
studied and been associated with internalizing and externalizing adverse
outcomes in children
Authoritative vs. Authoritarian:
Both are confrontive
discipline which is firm, direct, forceful, and consistent. Authoritarian adds
on coercive discipline which is preemptory, domineering, arbitrary, and
concerned with retaining hierarchal family relationships.
-Parents can also exert
psychological control by excessive domineering and interactions with their
children.
Collection of data determined
eight main types of psychological control:
-ridiculing
-invalidating
-violation of privacy
-guilting
-excessive expectations
-comparing to others
-ignoring
-Psychological control can impede
the child’s ability to develop as an individual apart from the parent.
No comments:
Post a Comment